Rapid progression of Kidney dysfunction in Swiss people living with HIV: Contribution of polygenic risk score and D:A:D clinical risk score. Journal of Infectious Diseases
Dietrich et al. aimed to assess and quantify the contribution of genetic background, D:A:D chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk score, and relevant antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposures to rapid progression of kidney dysfunction.
They obtained univariable and multivariable hazard ratios (HR) for rapid progression, based on the clinical D:A:D CKD risk score, antiretroviral exposures, and a polygenic risk score based on 14’769 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms in white Swiss HIV Cohort Study participants. For the non-genetic risk factors, only variables included in the CKD risk score (mode of HIV transmission, hepatitis C coinfection, age, baseline eGFR, sex, CD4 nadir, hypertension, prior cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus) were included.
The study included 225 participants with rapid progression and 3’378 rapid progression-free participants. In multivariable analysis, compared to participants with low D:A:D risk, participants with high risk had rapid progression (HR = 1.82 [95% CI, 1.28–2.60]). Compared to the first (favorable) polygenic risk score quartile, participants in the second, third, and fourth (unfavorable) quartiles had rapid progression (HR = 1.39 [95% CI, 0.94–2.06], 1.52 [95% CI, 1.04–2.24], and 2.04 [95% CI, 1.41–2.94], respectively). Recent exposure to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was associated with rapid progression (HR = 1.36 [95% CI, 1.06–1.76]).
In conclusion, some people living with HIV experience rapidly deteriorating kidney dysfunction and these analyses reveal an independent contribution of an individual polygenic risk score to explaining interindividual variation in rapid progression. The study extends the our previous observation that genetic background associates with CKD risk and highlight the importance of longitudinal study design to quantify the effect size of polygenic risk score on rapid progression, in the context of multiple shifting environmental risk factors, most notably clinical D:A:D CKD risk score and potentially nephrotoxic antiretroviral exposures.